According to statistics in Russia, every second married couple gets divorced. And most divorcing couples have minor children. The procedure for divorce without children is quite simple; it does not even require the consent of the two parties.
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The desire of one partner is enough. But a divorce from a child is very complicated, because it entails consequences, namely a lot of questions about how to subsequently communicate with a small family member and what rights each parent has to the child.
About the rights of a parent
All rights and obligations of parents and children are prescribed in the Family Code of the Russian Federation. Let's consider the key points regarding divorce and further relationships in a social unit in the presence of minors.
Parental rights arise after the birth of the baby. For fathers, they arise when paternity is recognized. Otherwise, it will not be possible to realize the rights and bear responsibility for natural children.
Termination of parental rights can be carried out:
- naturally (upon reaching the age of full legal capacity);
- through the court (in case of emancipation or default).
Many people are interested in a father’s rights to a child after a divorce. What to expect? What opportunities will be unavailable to a man? What should you be afraid of in this or that case?
Divorce and rights
What does the Family Code say about this? Children after a divorce, as a rule, remain with one of the parents, but we’ll talk about this later. First, let's find out how divorce affects parental authority.
According to the law - no way. Divorce is a process that in no way affects the children. Mom and dad will have the same rights and responsibilities regarding their minors.
Unfortunately, in practice things are different. Often, fathers do not fulfill parental responsibilities, but try to extort the rights established by law for their children. Below we will consider the most important aspects of the topic being studied.
About the duties of a father towards his children
Question No. 176: If children live with their mother after a divorce, is the father obliged to provide housing for his children if his children are often oppressed in the parental home of his ex-wife? Should he provide funds for food, clothing, education? Please explain the responsibilities of a father towards his children, regardless of whether the spouses are divorced or not.
الرَّهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ
Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the worlds, peace and blessings be upon our beloved Messenger, his family and companions, as well as those who followed his path until the Day of Judgment.
Regardless of whether the parents are divorced or not, the children remain their children, so both father and mother need to treat them in the same way as established in our religion.
Little information can be found in Shari'a texts to clarify the obligations of parents towards their children. At the same time, much more information is available regarding the obligations of children towards their parents. One might wonder, “Why do numerous Quranic verses and hadiths talk about how we should treat our parents well, and less about how we should treat our children well?”
Scientists answer this as follows: “A person always, by nature, treats his children as they should. But precisely because of his nature, the same person, when he becomes an adult, unfortunately moves away from his parents, because he has his own family, his own children, and important things to do. That is why Sharia mentions the rights of parents to a greater extent than the rights of children, so that there is no coldness, callousness or, worse, destruction of relationships on the part of children towards their parents, as is unfortunately the case.”
In order to bring us closer to our parents, to remind us of the rights that they have, Allah Almighty mentions them in many verses, saying:
ۺ حسانًا
“Your Lord has commanded you not to worship anyone but Him and to do good to your parents.” [Surah al-Isra , verse 23].
Note! Immediately after worshiping Allah, a good attitude towards parents is mentioned, which is also indicated by numerous other verses and hadiths.
As for a good attitude towards children, it is natural. And the Shariah does not pay close attention to what is natural in human nature and does not need any separate reminder and explanation, such as what it needs to be encouraged to do, in particular - a good attitude towards parents. But even despite this, we find instructions in the Sharia texts about treating children well.
Allah Almighty says in the Quran:
ۖ يوصيكُمُ اللَّهُ في أَولادِكُم
"Allah commands you regarding your children." [Surah an-Nisa , verse 11].
It is also conveyed in an authentic hadith cited by Muslim, may Allah have mercy on him, from the words of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ: “Your children have a right to you.”[1 ] This means that the parent is obliged to do in relation to his children what is assigned to him.
There is a well-known incident that happened to 'Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, when a man came to him and said: “O Commander of the Faithful, truly, my son treats me inappropriately!” And this angered 'Umar, after which he said: “Call his son!”, and when he came, 'Umar asked him:
- How can a son treat his father inappropriately!?
- Oh, Commander of the Faithful, do parents have rights and responsibilities towards their children? - the son of that man asked in turn.
- Of course have! - replied 'Umar.
- What are they?
- Choose a good mother, give the child a good name and teach the Book (i.e. the Koran and Sunnah).
“Truly, my father did not fulfill any of these three duties: my mother was a polytheist; he did not give me a good name, and I have been reaping the benefits of this since childhood; neither did he teach me the Quran and Sunnah.”
After hearing this, 'Umar turned to his father and said: “How do you want to be treated acceptably if you have violated everything that can be violated!?”
Therefore, undoubtedly, parents have obligations towards their children, which scholars divide into five categories, based on the five important foundations established and protected by Sharia in our lives: religion, health, mind, property and ancestry. These are the so-called “الضرورات الخمس” - “five necessary things”, which Shariah protects for all people and strives to strengthen them.
Firstly, this is religion. Parents are obliged to teach their children monotheism. Here the words of Luqman, peace be upon him, admonishing his son are the first to come to mind:
وَإِذ قالَ لُقمانُ لِابنِهِ وَهُوَ يَعِظُهُ يا بُنَيَّ لا تُشرِك ب ِاللَّهِ ۖ إِنَّ الشِّركَ لَظُلمٌ عَظيمٌ
“Lukman said to his son, instructing him: “O my son! Do not associate partners with Allah, for polytheism is a great injustice." [Surah Luqman , verse 13]
The first and most important duty of parents towards their children is to raise them in monotheism, with which all the prophets and messengers came. It is necessary to educate children on the correct understanding of the expression “There is no one worthy of worship except Allah.”
There are other religious responsibilities that parents have, such as teaching their children about purification, prayer, fasting and all the things that a person should do out of worship. The process of teaching and instilling religious duties in children occurs for everyone at their own time and in a way that is most useful, depending on their age, strength, understanding, etc. Parents should begin to fulfill their religious duties from the very moment their children are born, when they They sacrifice two lambs for a son, and one lamb for a daughter.
Secondly, this is health . Parents must create an environment for their child where he will be distant from everything that is harmful to his health.
Arabs during the Jahiliya era killed their daughters for fear that they would not be able to feed them. At that time, only boys were valued, as they hunted, fished, and drove caravans, thereby earning a living. And girls, according to the Arabs, did not bring much benefit to the family. That's why they got rid of them in early childhood.
Allah Almighty speaks about this vile custom of the Arabs in the Quran:
ۚ وَلا تَقتُلوا أَولادَكُم خَشيَةَ إِملاقٍ ۖ نَحنُ نَرزُقُهُم وَإِ يّاكُم
“Do not kill your children for fear of poverty. We will give sustenance (food) to them and to you.” [Surah al-Isra , verse 31]
Thirdly, this is the mind . Children must be kept away from anything that disturbs their minds, obscures them, spoils them, or has a bad influence on them. This includes watching bad films and cartoons, reading useless books, and spending time on disreputable sites on the Internet. This category also includes alcoholic beverages, drugs, and the like. It is necessary to remove your children from all this so that their minds do not suffer. The evidence for this is the words of our Prophet ﷺ in an authentic hadith: “ Each of you is a shepherd, and each will be responsible for his flock .
Fourthly, this is property. Parents must preserve and transfer to their child the property they own. The exception is when a person has committed one of three actions that prohibit him from this property: when he is a slave, killed his father, or left the religion. In all other cases, the child inherits from his Muslim parent.
In the reliable collection of Imam Muslim, may Allah have mercy on him, is a well-known story from Sa'd ibn Abu Waqqas, one of the ten companions who were delighted with Paradise during their lifetime, may Allah be pleased with them. When Sa'd became seriously ill, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ came to visit him, and he said to him: “I am rich, and I have no heirs except my daughter, so shouldn’t I give two-thirds of my money to the poor?” He ﷺ said: “No. ” Then Sa'd asked: “And half, O Messenger of Allah?” He ﷺ said: “No. ” Then Sa'd asked: “And the third, O Messenger of Allah?” He ﷺ said: “A third, but a third will also be a lot, because, truly, it is better for you to leave your heirs rich than deprived of property and (forced) to beg from people!” [3].
Fifthly, pedigree. A man must choose a decent wife who will bear him children. And the girl must choose a decent man who will become a worthy father for her children.
Their nikah must be correct, and not dubious, hidden, without a waliya (guardian), like the Shiites and sectarians. If a person does not pay due attention to this point, then this will subsequently turn against his child, who will be told that he was born from a dubious marriage. Pedigree is of great importance in these matters. Muslims should be far from forbidden types of nikah, and their children should be born in a halal and obvious way.
It is reported in an authentic hadith that the Prophet ﷺ said: “Marry those who love and give birth, verily, I will be proud of your numbers in front of other communities!”[4] . The community of Muhammad ﷺ is the largest of all communities.
In conclusion, there are five important things to pay attention to, which cover almost everything, either directly or indirectly. This also includes providing the child with food, housing, and clothing. All this falls on the shoulders of the parents, and especially the father, and not the mother. Regardless of whether they are divorced or not, the father is obliged to provide the children with everything they need, from what we have mentioned, as well as from what we have not mentioned, but is known in our religion.
And Allah knows best.
Abu Islam al-Sharqasi Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 25 Jumada al-Ahirah 1440 (03/02/2019)
[1] Sahih Muslim , Hadith No. 1159, vol. 3, p. 162.
[2] Sahih Al-Bukhari , Hadith No. 893, vol. 2, p. 5; Sahih Muslim , Hadith No. 1829, vol. 6, p. 7;
Sunan Abu Dawud , Hadith No. 2928, vol. 3, p. 231; Sunan At-Tirmidhi , Hadith No. 1705, vol. 3, p. 322;
[3] Sahih Muslim , Hadith No. 1628, vol. 5, p. 71.
[4] Sunan Abu Dawud , Hadith No. 2050, vol. 2, p. 374; Sunan An-Nasai , Hadith No. 3227, vol.6, p. 65.
Briefly about rights
The father's rights to the child after a divorce will be the same by law as the mother's. This means that the father remains the legal representative of the minor.
He has the right:
- choose educational institutions that the child will attend;
- receive information about the health status of minors;
- count on financial assistance from adult children;
- allow or prohibit travel outside the country;
- protect and represent children's interests in various organizations;
- live together with the child (usually this issue is resolved in court);
- receive financial assistance from your ex-wife if children do not live with her;
- participate in raising children.
As practice shows, parental rights after the termination of a marital relationship are often violated or they are regulated by peace agreements or the court.
Determination of place of residence
The place of residence of a child after a divorce is usually determined through the court. In this regard, father and mother have the same rights.
Any family lawyer will tell you that the court usually protects the interests of women. It is with them that children are left. Fathers can “take away” minors from their ex-wives if:
- the spouse is immoral;
- the ex-wife is declared incompetent or has mental illness;
- communication with mother is dangerous for children;
- the ex-wife is unable to provide the children with an adequate standard of living.
In real life, even mothers with alcohol addiction are given time to improve. Therefore, we will assume that the right to determine the place of residence of children with their father exists by law, but it can be realized in isolated cases. Indeed, when deciding the relevant issue, the court will take into account many factors, especially the interests of children. And with mothers the latter is often better than with fathers.
Important: in order to avoid unnecessary conflicts, it is recommended to conclude a peace agreement in the established form.
Communication with a child
Communication between a father and his child after a divorce is another right that men often remember when it is beneficial for them.
The procedure for communicating with the second parent (with whom the children do not live on a permanent basis) is usually determined in court. If the spouses can agree, it is better for them to enter into a peace agreement.
When determining the order of communication, the minor’s father will be informed:
- when can you visit your child?
- on whose territory communication can take place;
- under what conditions is it permissible to take a child to your place for an overnight stay?
Important: usually small children are not given to their father for overnight stays, and communication with the children is carried out in the presence of the ex-wife.
Children's surname and divorce
A child's surname can be changed after a divorce, but only with the consent of the father. Accordingly, if dad is against it, mom will have to come to terms with the fact that her children will keep the “old” surname.
There are circumstances that do not require the father's consent to change the child's personal data. For example, these include:
- deprivation of father's parental rights;
- availability of a court decision allowing adjustments to be made to the child’s personal data.
Important: courts rarely refuse to allow mothers to change their child’s last name to their own. Therefore, the described right of the father is often easily circumvented and ignored.
Trips
The next point is the father’s consent for the child to travel abroad. It causes a lot of trouble for mothers whose children want to travel around the world.
The point is that until both parents agree to travel outside the Russian Federation, the child cannot be sent to another country. But here too there are some nuances.
For example, it is not always necessary for ex-wives to obtain consent to take their child abroad. If a child travels as a tourist, you can do without paternal approval.
Moreover, the ban must have grounds. Any family lawyer will warn that the child’s mother can obtain permission to leave the country through the court. Especially if:
- the ban infringes on the interests of the child;
- refusal of permission affects the child’s right to rest.
As practice shows, mothers ask whether the ex-husband agrees to take the child outside the Russian Federation if:
- planning to move for permanent residence;
- I want to leave Russia with my child for a long time.
Important: if the father, with whom the children do not live, decides to secretly take the minors somewhere, this act can be regarded as kidnapping with all the ensuing consequences.
Rights of each parent after divorce
Even if a mother or father does not live in the same family, they still have the right to meet with their son or daughter, go for walks, communicate, go to the clinic, attend parent-teacher meetings, come to school and kindergarten events, and resolve issues related to the child’s health.
Parents can:
- receive any information concerning the child: results of medical diagnostics, information about the level of academic performance, difficulties and successes in additional education studios;
- protect the rights of the child and be his legal representative in school, kindergarten, studios, camps, etc.;
- choose a school, kindergarten, training program, join the parent committee of the institution, talk with teachers and coaches;
- raise children according to their moral guidelines and religious beliefs;
- count on care and maintenance from their now-adult children (provided that they have not been deprived of parental rights);
- prohibit or allow departure from Russia. There are 2 nuances here. First, a parental ban should not infringe on the interests of the child or his right to rest. The second nuance is that if a child leaves the country as a tourist, then the permission of the second parent is not required.
Parenting and fathers
The next right of a father who has left the family is to participate in raising the child. After a divorce, the father can raise the minor as he sees fit. It is advisable to coordinate educational issues with the child’s mother.
Participation in raising children should not violate other laws of the Russian Federation. The interests of the child must be taken into account. If the wishes and needs are ignored, the mother of minors may apply to the court to limit or completely terminate the rights of her former spouse.
Rights of ex-spouses in raising joint children
In the vast majority of cases, after divorce, children remain with their mother.
There are exceptions if a woman is mentally ill, suffers from alcohol or drug addiction, leads an antisocial lifestyle, or refuses to communicate with her own child. But this is rather an exception to the rule. Some mothers do not allow the father to meet with the child after a divorce. And this is not always justified by caring for the child; sometimes they act in such a way as to prick their ex-husband more painfully, especially if the reason for the separation was the father of the family leaving for another woman. Adequate men try, even at the stage of the divorce process, to establish normal communication with their ex-other half, to discuss the order of meetings between the father and the child after the divorce. But due to the psychological state of both parties, normal communication is not always possible.
If the spouses divorce more or less peacefully and perfectly understand the importance of both parents in raising their offspring, then they can agree on the joint upbringing of children verbally. But no matter how wonderful and civilized the relationship between ex-husband and wife may seem after separation, under the influence of circumstances everything can change. Therefore, it will be better if how the father will meet with the child after the divorce is documented and certified by a notary in the form of a written agreement.
It happens that after the divorce, the mother did not prevent the children from communicating with the father at any time. But a couple of years passed, her life situation changed - she remarried. The current husband treats the children well and wants them to no longer communicate with their own father. As often happens, the child’s mother follows the lead of her loved one and forbids her ex-husband to see the children. It is clear that there can be no talk of any voluntary agreement, and the man has to act through the court.
Another situation is that a mother, who previously did not interfere with communication between her ex-husband and her child, changed her behavior when she learned about the man’s marriage. Since then, she began in every possible way to turn the child against her ex-husband and his new family and forbade all communication with the parent. The girl's father is forced to go to court to protect his rights and the interests of his own child.
Obtaining information about the child
The rights of a father to a child after a divorce in Russia are somewhat limited. According to the law, parental powers are equal, but in reality the court most often comes to the protection of mothers. This is normal judicial practice, which should not be surprising.
By law, dads can receive information about their children from various institutions. For example:
- academic performance data;
- certificates about the child’s health status;
- conduct a discussion of problems arising in certain institutions.
No one has the right to refuse the dad to provide relevant information. The exception is situations with limited/complete deprivation of parental authority.
Limitations of each parent's rights to the child
Sometimes the situation forces the father or mother to limit their rights. This happens in two cases.
- If there is a threat to the life and health of the child. For example, parents have chronic and other diseases (hepatitis B, C, tuberculosis, plague, cholera, HIV), and the presence of mental personality disorders.
- If there is no care for the child or the behavior of the parents causes harm to him.
The situation needs to be changed within 6 months, but in some cases the relevant authorities insist on depriving parents of their rights before this period.
Alimony
Alimony raises quite a few questions. They are due to the parent with whom the children will live. Let's assume that this is the mother.
In such circumstances, child support after a divorce is paid by the father in the established amounts. For example, in the form of fixed payments or percentages of salaries.
Here are the minimums you can aim for:
- 25% of monthly earnings - 1 child;
- 33% - if there are 2 children;
- 50% - if the child support provider has 3 or more children.
A man has the right to reduce or increase (which is rare) alimony. Usually, to do this, you need to go to court and prove the difficult financial situation of the father, which arose not through his fault.
If the ex-spouse suspects that alimony is being spent for other purposes, he has the right to demand checks from the ex-spouse and transfer 50% of the alimony payments to the minor’s account.
Important: alimony is not a right, but an obligation. Failure to pay them can lead to serious consequences.
About responsibilities
We sorted out the rights. What about responsibilities? After all, the father cannot use his rights. If he refuses parental obligations, he will not be able to count on protecting his interests as the father of a minor.
Among the responsibilities of a father after a divorce are the following:
- provide for children (payment of alimony);
- participate in education and development;
- take care of the child’s health;
- protect the interests and freedoms of the minor;
- provide for the mother of the children during maternity leave;
- ensure that the child receives a secondary education.
If the duties are not fulfilled (for example, the father has a child support debt, categorically evades the maintenance of the children, but insists on meeting with them), you can go to court to deprive parental rights.
Child support
It is widely known that the father has a duty to pay alimony to the mother for the maintenance of the children after the divorce. There are two options for paying alimony:
- by voluntary agreement;
- By the tribunal's decision.
In the first case, the former spouses enter into an agreement in which they specify how much the child will receive until he reaches adulthood. If he has reached 14 years of age, he enters into such an agreement independently.
The amount of child support payments may be fixed if the father:
- does not have a permanent place of work;
- is an individual entrepreneur;
- receives income not through salary, but through other means (for example, through fees, royalties or through investment activities).
In other cases, it is stipulated that the father pays a certain percentage of his salary depending on the number of children:
- for one – 25%;
- for two – 33%;
- for three or more – 50%.
Deductions are made by the accounting department of the enterprise where the ex-spouse works. If he changes jobs, he is obliged to notify his employer that he is paying alimony, and he is obliged to arrange payments. If the father's salary decreases, he can demand through the court to reduce the amount of alimony payments. If it has increased, the mother may require an increase in the amount of alimony. To do this, she needs to apply to the court or contact the bailiff service so that they recalculate.
The father is not released from the obligation to pay alimony, even if his ex-wife remarried after divorcing him. The obligation is not affected by whether the child needs funds. The civil capacity and ability to work of the ex-husband is also not taken into account. Minor parents bear the same obligations as adults. In short, if you are obliged to pay, you will have to pay alimony.
Refusal to pay alimony for a minor may entail not only fines and criminal liability. A negligent father who evades payment of the required amount may be deprived of parental rights.
Tips for the “Sunday Dad”
Life is unpredictable. And often fatherly behavior after a husband and wife break up their relationship leaves much to be desired. Fathers often, through their actions, without meaning to, achieve violation of their own rights and even deprivation of parental authority.
Here are some tips to give to the “Sunday dad”:
- When communicating with a child, do not turn him against his mother. Such harassment may be regarded as slander. It is prohibited by law. If the mother proves that the father is “cheating” on minors, the father will be deprived of the opportunity to communicate with the children or will be allowed to do so only in the presence of his ex-wife.
- You shouldn’t think about settling scores with your ex-wife and doing something to spite her. During the divorce process and after it, you will have to put the interests of the child first.
- Quarrels and scandals in the presence of minors are unacceptable. Using a child as a means of manipulating the mother is not the best (and illegal) solution.
- It is recommended to accept the “rules of the game” of the mother of the children. Often, the order of communication between a father and a child on the terms of his ex-wife is regarded by men as a violation of their rights. Actually this is not true. And the court will often force dad to accept the terms of communication put forward by mom.
- Participation in the life of a child should be real, not formal. At the same time, there is no need to fulfill all the whims of minors out of guilt for a broken family.
- Mother's instructions cannot be ignored, especially if they relate to the moral education or health of children.
Important: when communicating with a child, you should not leave him with relatives - grandparents, and so on. Such an action may lead to deprivation of parental rights.
Limitation of a man's parental rights
There are situations when a judge can refuse the father's claim and limit his parental rights. They are as follows:
- Parental alcohol abuse. Even if the father holds a responsible position, but on weekends he likes to party with friends, the court will take this fact into account and limit communication with the children.
- Drug use, as this poses a direct threat to the life and health of the child.
- Use of physical violence against a child or his mother. Facts of violence must be confirmed by witness testimony and relevant medical materials.
- Psychological pressure on the baby. We are talking about turning the child against the mother and her relatives. Such stories occur quite often - a mother suddenly notices that after communicating with her ex-husband, the child behaves aggressively towards her. Teenagers, whose emotional background is already unstable, react especially painfully to their father’s words.
Child psychologists unanimously say that despite a divorce, father-child meetings are needed no less than maternal care. Therefore, they strongly recommend that women do not interfere with communication, but determine how communication between the father and the child will take place.
Fathers should not get excited either, because it is not surprising that an ex-husband, using money and connections, hires the best family law lawyers and takes children away from their mother. He does this for the same reasons as an offended mother - he wants to take revenge or humiliate his ex-wife. Such men should remember that no one can replace a child’s mother, and no material wealth can smooth out the child’s shock from separation from his dearest person.
About the peace agreement
In order to resolve issues related to the father’s rights to the child after a divorce as gently as possible, spouses are recommended to go to a notary and conclude a peace agreement.
They usually indicate:
- place of residence of the children and the parent with whom they will live;
- meeting schedule with all the nuances;
- alimony that the man will pay.
This approach is used extremely rarely. Few people will yield to their spouse in the event of a divorce in certain matters.
Deprivation of rights
If dad does not fulfill the responsibilities of a parent, he may be deprived of parental authority. This is not difficult to do with some preparation. Such issues are resolved exclusively by appealing to the judicial authorities.
Deprivation of parental rights is possible if:
- the father violates the rights of the child;
- the man committed a crime against the mother of a minor or children;
- a person threatens, to one degree or another, his ex-wife and her relatives (take the children, kill, and so on);
- communication with the father is not beneficial for minors (including danger);
- the man was declared incompetent;
- dad exceeds parental authority;
- it has been proven that a man “twists” children against their mother;
- the father does not fulfill his legal duties.
Most often, failure to pay child support becomes a valid reason for deprivation of parental rights. This is a last resort. Achieving restoration of parental rights in Russia is problematic.
Important: deprivation of parental authority does not relieve one from the responsibility to provide for minors.
What are the limitations of mother and father after divorce?
But the rights presented do not mean that absolutely everyone can receive them at all times. The legislation provides for cases that prohibit the full or partial implementation of such parental functions. And then we’ll talk about when this happens.
A father or mother may be deprived of rights to a child in the following cases:
- When one of the parents maliciously fails to fulfill his parental functions. For example, financial support for a child is the responsibility of each parent. Therefore, if the father is a persistent defaulter of alimony, then he can easily be deprived of parental rights by a court decision;
- Parental alcoholism, drug addiction;
- Refusal without good reason to take a minor child from social institutions, medical institutions, etc.;
- Causing physical or moral harm to the life and health of a child;
- Committing a crime against a child;
- Other reasons.
Regardless of what may be the reason for the deprivation of parental rights, such a process can only be implemented in court. Therefore, regardless of what was done by the father or mother, what kind of relationship exists between the former spouses, the issue of separation of children, as well as the procedure for communicating with them, is determined by the court. Neither the guardianship authorities nor other social services have the powers in question to do this.
But, you should keep in mind: in addition to the complete deprivation of parental rights, there is such a rule as restriction of parental rights. These two concepts should not be confused. A restriction occurs when a parent, to some extent, wishes to communicate with a child, but due to certain circumstances, his communication has a negative moral impact on the minor. An example of this would be the mental illness of one of the parents and their abnormal lifestyle. In this case, the parent receives a certain right to communicate, but in a limited format. He is also limited in information about the child.
