Japanese final consumer expenditure, 1970-2019

Consumer basket in Russia

A consumer basket is an approximate calculation of food and non-food goods, services for a month or a year, to ensure a minimum level of consumption for one person or for the whole family. A PC is needed to calculate the consumer price index. This calculation is more realistic, since real prices are used. Using the consumer basket, it is possible to analyze the integration of prices in different regions of the country.

The Russian consumer basket includes the following food products (per person per year):

1. Bread products (bread, pasta, flour, cereals, legumes): 126.5 kg – for workers; 98.2 kg – for pensioners; 77.6 kg – for children under 15 years of age.
2. Potatoes: workers – 100.4 kg; pensioners – 80 kg; minors – 88.1 kg.
3. Vegetables: workers – 114.6 kg; pensioners – 98 kg; minors – 112.6 kg.
4. Confectionery and sugar: workers – 23.8 kg; pensioners – 21.2 kg; minors – 21.8 kg.
5. Meat products: workers – 58.6 kg; pensioners – 54 kg; minors – 44 kg.
6. Fish products: workers – 18.5 kg; pensioners – 16.0 kg; minors – 18.6 kg.
7. Dairy products: workers – 290 kg; pensioners – 257.8 kg; minors – 360.7 kg.
8. Eggs: for workers – 210 pcs.; pensioners – 200 pcs.; children – 201 pcs.
9. Vegetable food products (oil and other fats): for workers – 11 kg; pensioners – 10 kg; minors – 5 kg.

The percentage of the cost of non-food goods and services is equal to 50% of the cost of food.

Food Basket On Japan Table

Man and shopping cart

Throughout his life, a person needs to eat, dress, maintain his home, pay for services, and attend certain events. It is on the basis of all this that an annual food basket or a person’s minimum subsistence level is compiled.

There are items that are not included in the shopping cart. These include: gourmet foods, alcoholic beverages, luxury goods. It is believed that a person can do without these items. Again, not in all countries, in France they include wine, and in Germany - beer.

Average cost of living

Based on the PC, you can calculate what the cost of living is in Russia. In the Russian Federation, PM reports are generated every three months.

For January, February, March, the cost of living in 2014 in Russia was (in rubles):

• per capita – 7688;
• for people of working age – 8283;
• for retired people – 6308;
• for children – 7452.

For April, May, June 2014, the cost of living in Russia (in rubles) was:

• per capita – 8192;
• for people of working age – 8834;
• for retired people – 6717;
• for children – 7920.

• per capita – 8086;
• for people of working age – 8731;
• for retired people – 6656;
• for children – 7738.

For October, November, December 2014, the cost of living in 2014 in Russia was (in rubles):

• per capita – 8234;
• for people of working age – 8885;
• for retired people – 678;
• for children – 7899.

The situation in the Baltics

In 2021, it is planned to increase the cost of living in Latvia. Last year the minimum income level was 70 euros. This year the authorities promise to increase it to 130 euros (You can read about the standard of living and prices in Latvia by following this link).

PM in Estonia – 90 euros (You can learn about life in Estonia by following this link).

If you believe the statistics, then things are a little better in Lithuania. According to the Lithuanian authorities, today the minimum income of citizens is 103 euros. In 2021 it will increase to 123 euros.

Taking into account prices, the actual size of the shopping basket today is 239 euros.

In the future, it is planned to increase the income of Lithuanians so that the monthly minimum is 380 euros/day. The country's authorities have not specified when exactly this will happen.

You can read about the standard of living and prices in Lithuania by following this link.

Methods for calculating the cost of living

The basic rules for calculating the cost of living include the following principles:

1. Cost of PC of the main social groups of citizens.
2. Planned spending of the population on taxes and services.
3. The value of PM for the main social groups of citizens and per capita.

1. Social: wages and productivity (increased wages and pensions raise the cost of living).
2. Legal: maintaining human rights in accordance with the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Human Rights, which states that every citizen has the right and should be able to earn a living.
3. Economic: they form the legal and organizational foundations of a market economy, the democratization of labor relations, and ways to replenish budget revenues.

Rating of world PM indicators

Let's consider the situation in European countries that have the highest living wages.

The leading position belongs to Luxembourg, where the cost of living is the highest among the main European countries. This state is recognized as an industrial and banking center with a high standard of living.

Germany ranks second due to its stable economy. The composition of the living wage in Finland

included expenses associated with paying bills, purchasing necessary clothing and groceries, and paying taxes.

As for the UK, despite the fourth place in the ranking, it has a high level of wages. Its average annual size is about 35 thousand pounds sterling, which is equal to 39.3 thousand euros. The country has a strong social policy that provides its citizens with numerous guarantees. Even in Italy and Spain you can live quite decently on amounts from 645 to 855 euros.

If we talk about Asian countries, the highest PM indicators are:

• Qatar - more than $300;
• Japan - about 900 dollars;
• Hong Kong – approximately 500 dollars.

Israel has a fairly high level of PM. Its amount for 1 person per month is about 430 euros, for a childless couple - about 680 euros, for a family of 2 adults and 1 child - approximately 895 euros. Last year was difficult for the country and was associated with the emergence of mass unemployment. This phenomenon was provoked by military actions and an influx of immigrants. People who participated in hostilities were left without work when they returned, so the state began paying benefits. Single people aged 25 to 55 years can count on receiving social guarantees for unemployment (about 322 euros monthly), married couples (443 euros), a married couple with one child receives 482-485 euros.

There are also countries where the PM size is set to very low damage. These are the Moldavian Republic (no more than 89 euros) and Kazakhstan (about 72.2 euros) and Ukraine (about 47-48 euros).

At the end of 2021, PM data for large regions of the Russian Federation were:

• Bryansk - almost 10 thousand rubles;
• Altai, Amur region, Transbaikal region, Samara, Rostov, Crimea - from 10.5 to 11.1 thousand rubles;
• in Kamchatka the level is the highest, it is 20.3 thousand rubles.

Every year this economic indicator is reviewed and recalculated, so it is impossible to talk about its stability. It can also be adjusted depending on changes occurring in the economic situation of the country, as well as other factors.

https://youtube.com/watch?v=8FbzrGCG0rY%3Ffeature%3Doembed

Food security of Japan Baduev Boris Vyacheslavovich

The studies emphasize that it is important for Japan to achieve a guaranteed supply of raw materials, improve global demand and supply through joint developments with other countries, assist in the development of the agricultural base in supplier countries, and develop cooperation in

This work is an attempt to systematically analyze the problem of food security in Japan, which allows us to some extent fill the gap in the study of this important segment of the country's economy.

30 Jun 2021 hiurist 2519

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Is there a minimum?

The basic information on the topic was briefly outlined above. But many are interested in the question: is there such a thing as a living wage in the USA? Not really. This term is not used. What we used to call the cost of living is calculated when a person receives benefits, health insurance, or assistance for public housing. And the result is obtained based on how much each family member earns and what the average amount is for each person per month.

Let's say father receives four thousand dollars a month, mother - three. At the same time, they have a schoolchild who cannot work due to his age. It turns out that the cost of living for each of them is approximately $2,333 per month. By the way, based on this, the annual income tax is calculated.

If a family consists of 2-3 people, and each person’s living wage is less than $1,500, then people have the right to turn to social programs.

They always ruin everything. No matter how high the salary, a significant part of it will still have to be given to the state. This amount will include federal income taxes, as well as payments to health and social funds. There is also a fourth type. State tax. What does each of them represent?

The first one listed is the same for every state. For example, for a childless man who does not have a wife, it will be 18% of his salary, say, 75 thousand dollars a year. It turns out that his salary will be as much as $13,500 less! This is minus almost 900 thousand rubles per year.

State income taxes are determined on a case-by-case basis. Depending on where the person lives. By the way, in some states it is completely absent. In Texas, for example. In general, there are eight such “tax-free” states. And in New York it is, for example, 10%. Together with income tax, this is already 28%.

Plus 4.2% for Social Security Tax. If a person is an individual entrepreneur, then he will have to pay 10.4%. And plus medical insurance - 1.45% and 2.9%, respectively.

What happens? Up to 42% will go to the state. And attractive salaries are no longer so great. And we Russians are beginning to understand why many Americans complain about the low minimum cost of living in the United States.

Food consumption in Japan: Don't throw away food

Kenya-based biologist and 2004 Nobel Peace Prize winner Wangari Maathai was impressed by the meaning of the Japanese word mottainai, which is difficult to translate. It expresses regret when something is wasted, such as carefully created and prepared food. She began to spread this concept throughout the world.

At the same time, in Japan itself, where this word appeared, food is thrown away in huge quantities. According to government statistics, “food wastage,” which includes unsold food, expired items, and uneaten food, increased to approximately 6,460,000 tons by 2020. For every person in the country, approximately one cup (136 grams) of food is wasted per day. At the same time, the country's self-sufficiency in food products for the same year was 39%. Other countries are desperate for large quantities of food, while in Japan a lot of food is thrown away.

We recommend reading: Is it necessary to pay alimony from the sale of an apartment?

How is the cost of living calculated in Russia?

The cost of living per capita in the country is determined based on the results of the past quarter by the relevant regulatory act of the Ministry of Labor, for regions - by resolution or decree of local authorities. PM for pensioners is established by the provisions of Federal Law No. 178-FZ. The set of goods in the consumer basket is regulated by the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

This indicator is a guarantee that Russian citizens will receive a minimum income. Based on the average per capita income, a person can be recognized as low-income and receive the right to social payments, subsidies, and benefits. A Russian citizen or family is considered low-income if the total income of family members is below the cost of living established by the region of residence. The procedure for providing social assistance is regulated by Federal Law No. 178-FZ, which provides for:

• subsidies for housing costs - provided when the total family income is lower than the cost of housing and utilities;
• subsidies for kindergarten fees - provided in the amount of 20% of parental fees for the first child, 50% for the second, 70% for subsequent children;
• state social scholarship - awarded to students whose income per family member is below the average per capita subsistence level in Russia;
• social supplement to pension - established for citizens receiving a pension less than the value established by their region of residence;
• social financial assistance – provided to certain categories of citizens;
• monthly payments for the birth of a third child before he reaches the age of three are paid based on the regional minimum wage for children.

Living wage budget

Price analysis of the consumer basket, expenses for taxes and other payments is called the PM budget. The composition of the basket is analyzed and adapted to the state of the economy and social sphere at least once every five years, the cost is indexed annually, and interim price monitoring is carried out quarterly. Today's basket includes:

• Products:

1. flour (bread, pasta, cereals, flour);
2. potatoes, fruits, vegetables, melons;
3. meat, fish products;
4. dairy products;
5. eggs;
6. oils;
7. groceries (tea, sugar, salt, spices).

• Non-food products:

1. warm outerwear;
2. summer outerwear;
3. stockings, socks;
4. hats;
5. shoes;
6. school supplies;
7. bed sheets;
8. household goods;
9. hygiene products;
10. medicines.

• Paid services:

1. housing;
2. public utilities;
3. transport;
4. cultural events.

Minimum

The living wage in Russia includes indicators of the physiological and social minimum, which determine its upper and lower limits. Physiological includes the satisfaction of primary human needs. Social is focused on satisfying minimal spiritual and social needs and determines the upper limit of PM. The lower limit coincides with the physiological minimum.

Average

The average cost of living in Russia is determined in the federal settlement center using special formulas, based on data collected by a commission of representatives of the Ministry of Labor, Social Services and the Statistics Service. The cost of living increases annually, but during the year the values ​​may fluctuate downward. The basis for the calculation are:

How is the composition of the basket determined?

The current composition of the food list is somewhat different from that presented in 1990; it includes 11 food groups, as well as non-food goods and services. The cost of living, and therefore the cost of the basket, is also determined by the place of residence and the social category to which a particular citizen belongs:

• able-bodied citizens - about 12 thousand rubles per person per month (this amount should be enough to buy food and necessary goods, as well as pay for services for 1 month);
• pensioners - approximately 9 thousand rubles (recently, the question has been increasingly raised about the need to include in the required minimum also medicines, payment for the services of some medical workers, and therefore, an increase in the cost of living);
• minors - about 11 thousand rubles.

The basket contains a minimum set of products, which by law is revised once every 5 years (due to the difficult economic situation and the subsequent crisis after 2014, the Government adopted Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 421-FZ, according to which the food basket will be revised no earlier than 31 December 2021).

At the same time, the cost of the basket (the cost of living) is recalculated every quarter.

When determining the cost of the basket indicated below, Rosstat is guided by the data supplied to it by the federal districts. Thus, for each resident of the North-Western District in 2021, about 11,500 rubles are allocated, for St. Petersburg - 10,000 rubles, and for Moscow - 14,400 rubles.

The smallest basket and, accordingly, the minimum wage is for residents of the Central Federal District; they are entitled to no more than 9,200 rubles. Since the minimum wage is regularly revised, the indicated figures are approximate, although during the revision the rule is observed that the new minimum wage cannot be less than what was calculated in the previous quarter, so there is no talk of a smaller basket size.

For example, the list of products for 2021

Now the employer does not have the right to assign an employee a salary in an amount that does not reach the subsistence level, which is reviewed once a year. As of January 1, 2021, the minimum wage was 12 thousand 130 rubles. At the same time, citizens whose income is equal to the minimum wage live near the poverty line. This is approximately every 7–8th Russian, because 12 thousand rubles will have to be spent not only on food, but also on clothes and shoes, hats, children’s school supplies, household and cultural goods, medicines, and also pay for utility services and transport services.

The current cost of living

In 2021, the cost of living in the Russian Federation has been adjusted based on the forecast of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation for inflation to 4% by the end of the year and the general economic situation in the country. From May 1, 2021, Federal Law No. 41-FZ dated 03/07/18 (the document amends Article 1 of Federal Law 06/19/00 No. 82-FZ “On the Minimum Wage”), the minimum wage is 100% of the subsistence level of the adult working population for the second quarter of 2021.

As of May 1, 2021, the minimum required income per person in Russia, according to Order of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation dated April 13, 2018 No. 232 n, is the value known according to the end of 2021:

• per capita – 9,786 rubles;
• for the working population – 10,573 rubles;
• for pensioners – 8,078 rubles;
• for children – 9,603 rub.

Per person

Summary table of average values ​​for Russia, calculated per capita and for socio-demographic groups, according to official data from Rosstat:

Living wage by region

Federal values ​​are used for social statistics. When providing social assistance from the state, values ​​determined by the region are used. The cost of living for the subjects of the federation is established not only taking into account standard values ​​and the level of inflation, but also climatic features and the needs of citizens of a particular region (region, republic). Each area provides its own specific values.

According to Rosstat, the highest indicators for 2021 remained in the regions:

The lowest values ​​for the same period are observed in the following subjects of the Federation:

Data in different countries of the world

The minimum amount of money required to live in different countries varies. Its size depends on the general state of the economy and the national currency, price levels and inflation.

Countries of Europe

We present a table of the cost of living in European countries leading in living standards:

The first place in the ranking of countries with a high cost of living is occupied by the state of Luxembourg, the world's largest banking center. Wages in this country are high, only the minimum is more than $2,100 per month.

The stable economic situation allows Germany to keep the minimum level at a high level. Today, this country is characterized by stability, although recently its economy has shaken slightly due to a decrease in export volumes.

The cost of living in Sweden is 50% of the minimum wage, but low unemployment and high wages allow it to remain consistently at this level.

The UK is a country with conservative economic policies and strong social support for the population - the weekly benefit for the unemployed is 125 euros. At the end of 2021, more than 200 thousand workers received a 3.6% wage increase, which in 2019 will lead to an inevitable increase in the cost of living. Experts predict an increase in the cost of living based on inflation, pricing policy and the real cost of living in the country.

In Spain, 645 euros is enough to live for a month in decent conditions. The warm climate is very helpful, as it allows you to save on clothing and heating costs.

Greece is going through a difficult period associated with a budget deficit and high unemployment, so the cost of living has dropped to 360 euros. Poland cannot boast of high rates - 120 euros per month.

Asia

The industrialized and economically developed countries of Asia can make it possible to calculate the cost of living at a decent level:

• in Japan it reaches 900 US dollars;
• in Hong Kong its value is 500 dollars;
• Qatar is based on a consumer basket of $300.

Israel, despite the constant military tension and lack of jobs, maintains the level of the financial minimum; for different categories it is, in terms of shekels to euros:

• more than 400 euros per adult;
• almost 700 euros for a married couple without children;
• about 900 euros for a family with one child.

One of the countries with a low cost of living is India: less than 11 euros per month.

USA, Canada, Australia

In the USA, the minimum indicator is correlated with wages - the smallest one established at the legislative level. In 2021, it was 15 thousand 80 dollars per year with a five-day, eight-hour work schedule.

Thus, converting into rubles, 83 thousand rubles are provided monthly for living in America.

In Australia, the minimum wage differs from the subsistence level by $50 and is in the ratio 650:600.

The minimum amount of work, and therefore the minimum required to live, will vary in different provinces of Canada. The average wage is $11 per hour, with plans to increase it to $15 by the end of 2021, taking into account the consumer market price index.

PM size

The cost of living is determined quarterly. We present to you a table with the size of the PM for all Russian regions for the 4th quarter of 2021.

The cost of living (rubles per month) for the 4th quarter of 2017 (in general for the Russian Federation for the 3rd quarter of 2017)

Renting and purchasing housing

The most affordable real estate in America is located in states such as Texas, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Nebraska and Georgia

However, when choosing apartments or houses, you also need to pay attention to such factors as real estate and land taxes. This tax is regulated at the state and local government level.

The tax difference even in different parts of the same state can differ by 5%. The states with the minimum tax are: Alaska, New Hampshire, Tennessee, Delaware and Alabama.

• Kansas - $148,000;
• Michigan - $145,000;
• Texas - $141,000;
• North Dakota - $135,000.

Naturally, even in the same state, real estate prices vary depending on the city, region, condition of the house, and furnishings.

Considering that taxes are levied not only on real estate, but also on land, US residents will prefer to rent an apartment.

The states where it is most profitable to rent an apartment are: Kansas (Wichita), Oklahoma (Oklahoma City and Tulsa), Tennessee (Knoxville). To rent a two-room apartment in these cities, you will need an average of $550 per month.

In the USA, you can rent an apartment in two ways. An apartment in an ordinary house or in an apartment complex. The difference between the second one is that the rent includes many useful things: a swimming pool, a gym, a tennis court. Such apartments cost from $1,500 per month, including utilities.

Sometimes, when renting a house or apartment, they ask for a deposit worth one month.

A night at the hotel costs from $100. Hostels or motels – from $60

Mutual Funds of Gazprombank

Like other financial institutions, Gazprombank mutual funds are represented by a fairly wide range of investment funds, the total number of which is 12. Almost every investor can find something interesting for themselves here. Funds from Gazprombank, as well as mutual funds from Sberbank, provide the opportunity to earn money on the value of currencies, stocks, bonds, as well as sectors of the economy. And the total number of funds does not allow the future investor to get confused and carefully study each of them. A large number of mutual funds frightens inexperienced investors and the possibility of making a mistake by investing money in the wrong place increases.

In addition to open mutual investment funds, Gazprombank also has so-called closed mutual funds. True, within the framework of this article I will not dwell on them. The fact is that an ordinary person “from the street” cannot buy a share of this fund anyway. And there is still no open information about the profitability of these funds and how much a share costs.

You can become an investor and invest your money in Gazprombank mutual funds by contacting a branch of a financial institution. After writing an application and opening an account, you will need to deposit a certain amount into it. Once the money is in the account, you can buy shares of the selected funds. The same actions can be carried out through bank agents, however, you will have to pay an additional commission.

Naturally, different funds have different levels of profitability and investment risk, which are not static indicators. Up-to-date information about each of the funds can be found on the official website of the financial organization. I would like to dwell in more detail on the most interesting funds that Gazprombank - Capital Management offers investors.

Gazprombank Shares

This mutual fund is one of the riskiest in the Gazprombank line, but at the same time quite profitable. By purchasing shares of this fund, you are investing in shares of the largest Russian companies, as well as mid-segment enterprises, which are the basis of the domestic economy. The fund may well be of interest to an investor who believes in the potential of the Russian economy. Nevertheless, this mutual fund is probably the most unpredictable at Gazprombank, just like the Russian economy. Therefore, to make a profit, the investment period in a mutual fund should be considered from 1 year or more.

Mutual Fund Bonds Plus

This mutual fund is the largest bond fund in Russia, leaving behind even such a “monster” as the VTB Mutual Fund. The fund's main investment direction is bonds of Russian companies with a high credit rating. Some of these companies are state-owned, some have state capital in the founding fund. The word “Plus” in the fund’s name means that the managers use part of the investor’s funds to diversify risks to purchase currencies and shares that demonstrate good growth in their value. Despite the fact that the price of this fund's shares has increased by only about 40% over the past 3 years, the growth graph is encouraging. This investment fund can be recommended to conservative investors who do not want to put their money at risk while ensuring growth.

Currency bonds

This mutual fund is similar to the previous fund. The main difference is that here money is invested mainly in foreign bonds, including Eurobonds. In addition, the fund’s currency is the US dollar, so if the national currency is unstable, the shareholder can receive additional profit if the exchange rate fluctuates. The value of the share has increased by 80% over the last three years, although the last year was marked by a slight decrease in the price of the share due to the strengthening of the Russian currency. Also, to obtain a decent level of profit, an investor needs to aim for an investment period of one year or more.

Mixed Investments - Balanced

Almost every manager has similar mixed-structure investment funds. This fund uses investor money not only to purchase bonds, but also shares of the largest Russian companies. As a result, the investor receives a certain “golden mean” between low income with low risk and high profitability with high risk. The value of the share is constantly growing, and investments bring returns higher than just a deposit in a bank, and the risk is minimized. A sufficient profit can be obtained within a year after the investment.

Oil

As the name implies, this fund focuses on buying oil with the expectation of an increase in its value. Considering the recovery from the global financial crisis, this could be a profitable investment. As many experts note, current oil prices are very low; now it is quite profitable to buy it for the future. They believe that this raw material has already passed its “price bottom” and will see growth in the future. Moreover, the gradual increase in the cost of “black gold”, which is now observed on world markets, is perceived by many as confirmation of this assumption. So an investment in this mutual fund of Gazprombank can bring serious profit to the investor in the future.

Gold

Everyone, or almost everyone, knows that investing in gold is profitable. It is in gold that the reserves of all the world's central banks are stored, and its value is constantly growing. It is all the more profitable to keep your investments in shares of this mutual fund, since it not only invests money in gold bars, but also the currency of the shares is the American dollar, which provides the investor with additional profit when the exchange rate of the domestic ruble “sags.” Also, the period of investment in this fund to obtain a decent financial result must be considered from 1 year.

World food basket

The fund is unique in its structure; neither Uralsib Mutual Fund, nor Sberbank Mutual Fund, nor other management companies in Russia have corresponding analogues. The fact is that the funds filling this fund are used for purchases at food markets. Managers buy futures for the delivery of:

• Corn;
• Sahara;
• Wheat;
• Cocoa;
• Coffee;
• Soy;
• Meat, etc.

By skillfully diversifying risks and monitoring the market situation, it is possible to achieve a profit of about 30% per year, and consistently. And this is a very good result.

An additional advantage of this investment fund is that there will always be demand in food markets, since humanity will always need food to maintain its livelihoods. The price of food is less related to the speculative tendencies of traders. This means that the financial risks for such investments tend to zero. Plus, investments in this fund are also made in dollars, which allows you to further secure your investment.